The report, published by media outlets such as Actualité.CD, explains that the AFC/M23 military and political leaders continue to receive instructions and support from Kigali, which also provides military training, weapons, and technology, including those that allow them to neutralize air assets.

The overall military command of the rebels remained under the responsibility of Sultani Makenga, and the political leadership in the hands of Bertrand Bisimwa and Corneille Nangaa, who received support and instructions from the Rwandan government and its intelligence services, according to the report, which covers investigations conducted up to April 20, 2025.

However, the document states that Nangaa, who serves as coordinator of the AFC/M23, has gradually been marginalized from the management of the rebel movement due to his intentions to extend military gains to the country’s capital, as he has stated publicly on several occasions.

Nangaa, who founded the AFC political platform in December 2023, which the M23 joined, initially presented himself as the political face of the insurgents’ actions, leveraging his influence as a former head of the DRC’s Independent National Electoral Commission.

This was also intended to give a Congolese face to the rebel movement, which has always been accused of serving Rwandan interests, but UN experts assert that Nangaa was sidelined due to his personal ambition to seize power in Kinshasa by force.

While Rwanda and the M23 supported the idea of regime change, they did not favor a military campaign of this magnitude.

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